UNIT I
PARTS OF SPEECH: NOUNS

The
1	Secretary
2	Types
3	a
4	Letter
5	

	There are five words in that sentence. Words 2 and 5 (secretary and letter) are names of things. The grammatical term for them is noun. A noun is a naming word. The word noun classifies all words that represent people, places, ideas and things. It is the name of something. Nouns are divided into four parts:
I.	Proper Nouns
Proper nouns are names of particular persons, places, or things. They begin with a Capital letter. For example: John, Mr. Smith, Singapore, Lagos, America, etc. Examples in a sentence:
Mr. Mean is a villain in the movie.
The scene opens on Apache Peak, near Tombstone, Arizona.
The first Monday of September is Labor Day.
II.	Common Nouns
Common nouns refer to something in general. They do not refer to particular person, place, or thing. In English they do not start with a capital letter (except if they are in the beginning of a sentence). It is important for you to remember this when writing letters, reports etc. For example: secretary, letter, book, town, office, desk, etc. Examples in a sentence:
Cereals, fruits, and breads are important foods.
Hundreds of boys worked as farmers.
III.	Abstract Nouns
Although abstract nouns are the names of things, you cannot see, hear, taste or feel those things. You cannot pick them up and walk away with them. They exist only in the mind. They do not start with a capital letter. For example: truth, beauty, justice, knowledge, etc.
IV.	Collective Nouns
Collective nouns is a word for a group of people, animals or objects considered as a single unit. Collective nouns may take either the singular or the plural form of the verb, depending on their use in the sentence. If a collective noun refers to a group acting as a whole, a singular verb is used. If a collective noun refers to a group acting as a whole, a singular verb is used. If a collective noun refers to a group in which the members act individually, a plural verb is used. However, collective nouns usually take singular verbs. For example: committee, class, crew, government, team, etc. Examples in a sentence:
Our school is in favor of athletic activities.
The assembly is going to stand at the flag salute.
The class have been asked to write essays on their experiences during holiday. 

Exercises on Nouns:
	Noun identification: Identify each noun and tell whether it is a proper, a common, or a collective noun. Place the abbreviation P for proper, C for common, A for abstract, or Col for collective above the noun.
1.	The committee read about the many wonders of the world.
2.	Mr. Adams told the class about his travels to Rainbow Natural Bridge.
3.	The crew of the Sarantoga took a trip to Tibet.
4.	Our company produced a movie about Florida for our school.
5.	A flock of birds flew over Old Faithful, a geyser in Yellowstone National Park.
6.	A team of experts was called in to complete the job efficiently.
7.	You should always speak the truth.
8.	The plane leaves London at 18.00 and arrives in Singapore 14 hours later.
9.	A stack of letters was lying on the desk when Ruth returned from her trip.
10.	Jean Winning told us about a sorting tray for our correspondence.
11.	Her company, Better-Letters, Inc., developed our interesting letterheads.
12.	Tibet lies between the Himalaya Mountains and the Kunlun Mountains.
13.	The choir sang “On the Isle of Capri” while we heard about the Blue Grotto.
14.	One fifth of the students in Los Angeles High School are taking chemistry and mathematics.
15.	Rochelle and Ed toured the Canary Islands, a group of islands in the Atlantic. 

PLURAL NOUNS
	Remember that a noun names a person, a place, or a thing. It is a singular noun when it names one person, one place, or one thing. It is a plural noun when it names more than one. Be sure you know whether a noun is singular or plural. 

Forming the Plural of Nouns  
	It is very easy to form the plural of nouns. Just remember a few simple rules.
Rule 1: Most nouns become plural by adding the letter s to the singular. Study the following examples.
	Singular	-	 Plural
	   boy			  boys
	   chair			  chairs
	   machine		  machines
	   writer		  writers
Rule 2: For words ending in s, x, z, sh, or ch, you must add es to for, the plural. Study the examples that follow.
	Singular	-	Plural
	  dress                      dresses	
	  glass                       glasses
	   box                        boxes
	   bush		           bushes
Plurals of Words with special Endings
Rule 3: Y Ending Plurals. If a noun ends in y and is preceded by a consonant, change the y  to i and add es. Study the examples that follow.
Singular 	-	Plural
history			histories
baby			babies
city			cities
laundry		laundries
Rule 4: O Ending Plurals. If a noun ends in o and is preceded by a consonant, add es to form the plural. Study the examples that follow.
	Singular         -	Plural
	tomato			tomatoes
	potato			potatoes
	hero			heroes
	echo			echoes
            There are several exceptions to this rule solo, solos; piano, pianos; soprano, so pranos; alto, altos; silo, silos.
If a noun ends in o and is preceded by a vowel (a,e,i,o,u), add s to form the plural. Study the examples that follow.   
	Singular	-	Plural
	 cameo			cameos
	  radio			radios
	  igloo			igloos
	  duo			duos
Rule 5: F or Fe ending plurals. Form the plural of a noun ending in f or change the f to v and add es.
          Singular	-	Plural
 calf			calves
	 knife			knives
	 shelf			shelves
	 life			lives
Note these common exceptions to above rule.
	Singular	-	Plural
	dwarf			dwarfs
	roof			roofs
	scarf			scarves
	fife			fifes
	safe			safes
	chief			chiefs
	belief			beliefs
	handkerchief		handkerchiefs
Words With Irregular Plurals
Here are twelve words for which there are no set rules for forming their plurals. Some of these words do not change at all in becoming plural. Be careful of these words for they are used incorrectly a great deal of the time
	Singular	-	Plural
	man			men
	woman			women
	sheep			sheep
	mouse			mice
	foot			feet
	goose			geese
	ox			oxen
	tooth			teeth
	moose			moose
	deer			deer
	child			children
	trout			trout
Nouns Always in Plural Form
	Some nouns are always written in the plural form. The more commonly used ones are as follows: scissors, oats, economics, series, news, shears, proceeds, thanks, athletics.
Plural form but Singular Meaning
	There are several nouns which have a plural form but which are singular in meaning such as: civics, news, measles, physics, mumps, politics.
Note: some nouns have unusual plural forms. Here are a few of them: 
	birdhouse	-	birdhouses
	cardcase		cardcases
	cupful			cupfuls
	man-of-war		men-of-war
	mother-in-law		mothers-in-law	

Exercises on Noun Plural 
1.	mountain	1. ………………..	11. mouse	11. ……………..
2.	atom		2. …………………	12. potato	12. ………………
3.	class		3. …………………	13. fish		13. ……………..
4.	duty		4. …………………	14. leaf	14. ……………..
5.	copy		5. …………………	15. knife	15. ……………..
6.	salesman	6. …………………	16. child	16. ……………..
7.	business	7. …………………	17. woman	17. ……………..
8.	delivery	8. …………………	18. laundry	18. ……………..
9.	persons	9. …………………	19. church	19. ……………..
10.	expressions	10. ……………….	20. life		20. ……………..

Singular Possessive
	To show the possessive form of a singular noun, merely place the apostrophe (‘) after the last letter of the word and add s. For example:
	My uncle’s car stayed in the garage.
	The bird’s dish remained in the sink.
Plural Possessive
	To show the possessive form of a plural noun ending in s, merely place the apostrophe after the s. For example:
	The girls’ stockings were ripped at the toes.
	Our classes’ parties were successful.
	To show the possessive form of a plural noun not ending in s, add the apostrophe (‘) and the s. For example:
	The Men’s Athletic Club lost the last four games at the season.
	The mice’s hide-outs were all over the garage. 

Exercise on Singular and Plural Possession	 
				Singular Possessive	Plural Possessive
1.	car of the family	1. ……………….			1. ………………..
2.	sandwich of the man	2. ……………….			2. ………………..
3.	bill of the doctor	3. ……………….			3. ………………..
4.	throne of the king	4. ……………….			4. ………………..
5.	shoe of the woman	5. ………………			5. …………………
6.	file of the clerk	6. ………………			6. …………………
7.	toy of the child	7. ………………			7. …………………
8.	baby of our friend	8. ……………….			8. …………………
9.	movie of the week	9. ………………..		9. …………………
10.	desk of the manager	10. ………………		10. ……………….

UNIT 2
PARTS OF SPEECH: PRONOUNS

	When we string two or three sentences together, we use pronouns to avoid having to repeat the nouns too often. For example:
The secretary types a letter and the secretary gives the letter to the manager.
	Two nouns: secretary and letter are both used twice in that sentence. To avoid the clumsy repetition, we can re-phrase the sentence like this:
The secretary types a letter and she gives it to the manager.
	The words she and it mean secretary and letter in this case. They make the sentence shorter and cut out repetition. Words like she and it that stand in place of nouns are called pronouns. Pronouns are divided into:
I.	Personal Pronoun
Personal pronouns are used in place of the person speaking (I, me, we, us), in place of the person spoken to (you), and in place of the person spoken of (he, him, she, her, they, them). They are substitutes for nouns. Listed here are the subject and object personal pronouns:
	Subject Personal Pronouns		Object Personal Pronouns
			I					me
			you					you
			he					him
			she					her
			it					it
			we					us
			they					them
Here are some more examples. The pronouns are shown in bold type. Check each one with the above lists to see if it is the subject personal pronoun or the object personal pronoun.
1.	The secretary telephoned the manager.
She telephoned him.
2.	The workers are controlled by the managers.
They are controlled by them.
3.	The car was driven by the manager’s wife.
It was driven by her.
4.	Our department has earned a larger bonus.
We earned it.
5.	That car is owned by our family.
It is owned by us.

Exercises on Personal Pronouns:
Replace the underlined words with the correct personal pronoun:
1.	I gave the book to John.
2.	John went to the cinema with Peter and Susan.
3.	The books belonged to Peter and me.
4.	Peter and I will be going to the conference.
5.	You must meet Mrs. Smith before you leave.
6.	The factory is closing down because there is not enough work. 

II.	Possessive Pronouns 
The word ‘possessive’ means that the pronoun refers to something that is owned or is possessed. For instance, I could say That book is my book. However,  I am more likely to say That book is mine. The possessive pronoun mine shows that the book belong to me. Listed here are the possessive pronoun:
		Singular		Plural 
1st person	my; mine		our; ours
2nd person	you; yours		your; yours
3rd person	his; his			their; theirs
		her; hers
		it; its
You use possessive pronouns to avoid repeating the noun. This is easier and better style in English. Here are some more examples:
1.	These samples are our samples.
These samples are ours.
2.	That car is your car.
That car is yours.
3.	This pencil is his pencil.
This pencil is his.
4.	These parking spaces are their parking spaces.
These parking spaces are theirs.

III.	Demonstrative Pronouns
Demonstrative pronouns are used to point out or to demonstrate the antecedent to which they prefer. 
	Singular demonstrative pronouns	Plural demonstrative pronouns
			this					these
			that					those
Here are some examples:
	Will you buy this pineapple?   (near me; singular)
	No, I will buy that pineapple.  (over there; singular)
	Will you buy these apples?     (near me; plural)
	No, I prefer those apples.	 (over there; plural)

Exercises on Possessive and Demonstrative Pronoun
Re-write the following sentences putting the correct demonstrative pronouns in the blank spaces. Also, replace the words which are underlined with the correct possessive pronoun.
1.	__________ desk here is my desk.
2.	__________ chair over there is your chair.
3.	__________ books next to me are their books.
4.	__________ filing cabinets at the other side of the room are our filling cabinet.
5.	__________ car passing us on the other side of the road is his car.
6.	__________ radio that I am holding is her radio.

IV.	Reflexive Pronouns 
Reflexive pronouns is used to : a). show that people (or animal) is doing something to him/her/itself. For example:
He hit himself yesterday.
She loves herself.
The cat seated itself in the chair.
You defend yourself.
b). to make the pronoun more emphatic. For example:
I myself saw the accident.
She herself cooked the rice.
You yourself broke the windowpane.
The walls themselves fell.
Personal
Pronouns
(As a subject)	Personal
Pronouns
(As an object)	Possessive
Pronouns
(As an adjective)	Possessive
Pronouns
(As a pronoun)	Reflexive
Pronouns	
I	me	my	mine	myself	
you	you	your	yourself	yourself	
he	him	his	his	himself	
she	her	her	hers	herself	
it	it	its	-	itself	
we	us	our	ours	ourselves	
they	them	their	theirs	themselves	

V.	Relative Pronouns
Relative pronouns relate or refer to nouns or other pronouns in the sentence. They also have an important role of their own to play, because they connect different parts of a sentence. The main relative pronouns are:
		who, whom, which, that, whose
When writing, you use who and who for people, and which and that for everything else. For example:
	You use who as a pronoun when the noun it relates to is the subject of the sentence:  It was the chairman who decided on the new investment.
	You use whom when the nouns it relates to is the object of the sentence: I spoke to the man whom I saw yesterday.
	You use which and that for everything else:
	Have you received the samples which we sent last week?
	These are the files that need filing.
	From the example: I know the man whose leg was broken., here the pronoun whose obviously relates to ‘the man’. (It shows possession).

Exercises on Relative Pronouns
	Put the correct relative pronoun in the space provided.
1.	The typist used the only machine ___________ was available.
2.	_______ operated the telex machine before you joined the company?
3.	Do you know the man __________ we met yesterday outside the office?
4.	He could not decide ___________ book to study first.
5.	The girl ________ usually works on the switchboard is absent today.
6.	___________ will win the next general election?
7.	The new filing cabinet __________ I ordered last week has now arrived.
8.	That is the boy ___________ father has just won a fortune on the football pools.

VI.	Indefinite Pronoun
An indefinite pronoun is a pronoun that does not define or stand for a particular person or thing. Some common indefinite pronouns are all, each, every, either, one, everyone, several, some, other, another, both, none, many. Indefinite pronouns are often used as adjectives. For example:
Several spectators jumped for the foul balls, but few were able to catch them.
Each player watched the spectators scramble.
Either Tom or Jerry will do his part.
Many adults watched their cars.
Everyone wants his share of praise.

Final Drill on Pronouns
1.	Irving, (who, whom) I read, began this style of writing, enjoyed humor.
2.	He wrote the Legend of Sleepy Hollow (who, which) we read in class.
3.	(Him, His) reading Rip Van Winkle aloud was fun.
4.	Either he or she will replace (them, these) copies.
5.	Several of the critics say The Sketch Book is (his, their) favorite.
6.	Some of his narratives are fascinating for (its, their) descriptive value.
7.	(Who, Whom) did you hear read the story?
8.	Because of (his, him) writing this legend, we know the unusual story.
9.	Mr. Shea, (who, which), I believe, was on  the stage, likes the recite stories.
10.	Anybody who wishes may read (his, their) favorite story in class.
11.	He does not understand if I approve of (him, his) examining the ledgers.
12.	It is a wise secretary (who, whom) learns to do things on her own.
13.	One of the bookkeepers puts forth (his, their) best efforts.
14.	The comptroller blamed (our, us) accountants for the error.
15.	Every salesman knows that (he, they) must be there for the conference.

UNIT 3
PARTS OF SPEECH: ADJECTIVES

	Adjectives are words which tell you what things are like (red, tall, good, fast, slow, etc.), or they tell you how many of them there are (plenty, three, etc.). In other words, adjectives describe and tell you about a noun or a pronoun. For example:  Six red buses came along the wide road. 
Can you pick out the adjectives? The answer is: six, red, and wide. Six and red tell you how many buses there were and what they were like. Wide tells you what the road was like.). Adjectives are further classified as shown below:
I.	Descriptive Adjectives
A descriptive adjective describes the noun or pronoun it modifies. For example:
A happy boy is a friendly companion.
The ugly, short, and rude girl with the white dog lived in a pretty, read house.
II.	Proper Adjectives
When an adjective is derived from a proper noun, it is a proper adjective and begins with a capital letter.  Here are some examples:
American inventors have contributed much.
Grecian forces defeated the Persian army in 490 B. C.
III.	Definite and Indefinite Adjectives
Definite (the) and indefinite (a, an) adjectives are called articles. By definite we mean a certain person or thing, and by indefinite we mean no one person or thing in particular. Use a before words that start with a consonant or with words that start with a long-sounding u. Use an instead of a before words which start with a vowel (a, e, i, o, and short-sounding u) or with words that sound as if they start with a vowel (hour). Here are some examples:
A dog is the best friend.
They attend a university in Texas.
Did you bring an umbrella? 
IV.	Possessive Adjectives
Possessive pronouns are used as adjectives when they precede and modify nouns in the sentence. They are: my, his, her, its, our, their, whose, your.
His hound bit my aunt.
Their aunts and our uncles are his cousins.
V.	Demonstrative Adjectives
This, that, these and those are pronouns used as adjectives. They are called demonstrative adjectives because they not only modify nouns, but they also specify them or call attention to them. This and that are singular and describe singular nouns. These and those are plural and describe plural nouns. This usually refers to something near and that refers to something far away. Below are some examples:
This zoo exhibits many animals.
These birds are giants of the past.

Exercise : Adjective Identification
I. In the following passage, underline all the adjectives.
	The pretty village had as its main landmark an old church with a tall tower and a tiled roof. An enormous bell hung in the tower and when the bell was rung its loud notes could be heard for miles around.

II. Identify the adjectives in the following sentences by underlining them.
1.	The large ships prepare for sea in a few hours.
2.	Once in Hawaii, you enjoy the delightful food and the graceful dancing.
3.	The 2,440 miles from Seattle to Fairbanks is an interesting sight-seeing trip by private car.
4.	Many citizens frequently respected a deep and abiding faith in the common man.
5.	Pretty Dolly, his wife, slowly brought a new social sparkle to the White House.
6.	Clear, sharp style will soon replace the stiffly written form of some business letters of today.
7.	The long, rough road to freedom was traveled slowly and carefully.
8.	There are scenic trips through the wooded islands of the panhandle to Juneau or Skagway.
9.	American boats anchor in the many ports of colorful Alaska.
10.	Will you accept gratefully or reject regretfully a very tempting offer? 

UNIT 4
PARTS OF SPEECH: VERBS
	We know that every sentence has two parts:
	1. A subject
	2. A predicate that makes a statement about the subject
	The most important part of the subject is the noun, because it tells us who or what the sentence is about. The most important part of the predicate is the verb, because it tells us what action takes place in the sentence. A verb is an action word. It tells us what happens. It can also express a state of being. Here are further division of verbs:
I.	Action Verb
Most verbs involve actions like running, swimming, smiling, dancing, living, breathing, etc. You will also notice that the verbs, for example to walk, to kick, to type, to drink, to sleep, etc., have the word to in front of them. This is because they are in the basic form called the infinitive. We shall mention more about the infinitive later on. 
II.	State of Being
State of being verbs are different. No action happens—these verbs simply tell us about circumstances. For example: He is a policeman. The verb is tells us  about his state of being. Verbs like walk, talk, eat, sleep can tell us about his actions, but is tells us about his condition. All the time he eats, talks, walks; he is a policeman.
An even better example is the verb to seem. For example imagine that you are sitting in a café with a friend. Your friend turns to you and says:
Look, there is my father. He seems angry.
You reply: Yes, I see him but he seems happy.
If you think about it, you will see that you can seem happy, seem sad, seem angry or seem anything else without taking any action at all. It describes to someone else the condition you appear to be in.
III.	Helping Verbs (Auxiliary Verbs)
Helping verbs help the main verbs tell what the subject is doing by asking a question, giving a command, or making a statement. Remember them as the helping verbs which help connect as the subject and the main verb. Think of them as the verb helpers which connect the subject and the verb of the sentence. The main helping verbs are is, be, am, are, was, were, been, have, has, had, may, must, ought, can, might, could, would, should, shall, will, do, does, and did.
Here are the examples:
The reporter had written the story.
He will tell her the news.
The ceiling was designed with the great seal.
IV.	Transitive Verbs
Transitive verbs are verbs which need an object or complement. For example:
He killed a snake.
She ate rice.
The boy kicked the ball.
V. Intransitive Verbs
	Intransitive verbs are verbs that are not followed by an object. For example:
Water boils.
Cows walk.
River flows.
All babies sleep.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS
	We have already mentioned the fact that there are some English verbs that do not follow the rules. The verb to swim is one of them (It is wrong to say: Yesterday, I swimmed in   the sea. The correct form is, I swam.). The conjugation of the verbs includes:
REGULAR VERBS
Regular verbs are verbs that follow the normal rules (generally those whose past form are formed by infinitive + -ed  or –d ).
 To form the past tense and past participle, add –ed on the regular basic form:
	INFINITIVE + ed
 For example: to advise	---------    advised
 		to carry          ---------    carried

IRREGULAR VERBS
	Irregular verbs are verbs that do not follow the normal rules and whose past form is not formed by infinitive + -ed  or –d.
Here is a list of the more common irregular verbs:

Infinitive		Past Tense		Present Perfect  
to begin		began			begun
to bend		bent			bent
to bite			bit			bitten
to break		broke			broken
to bring		brought		brought
to buy			bought			bought
to choose		chose			chose
to come		came			come
to cut			cut			cut
to deal			dealt			dealt
to dig			dug			dug
to do			did			did
to draw		drew			drawn
to drink		drank			drunk
to drive		drove			driven
to eat			ate			eaten
to fall			fell			fallen
to feed			fed			fed
to feel			felt			felt
to fight			fought			fought
to find			found			found
to fly			flew			flown
to forget		forgot			forgotten
to freeze		froze			frozen
to get			got			got
to give			gave			given
to go			went			gone
to grow		grew			grown
to hang		hung			hung
to have		had			had
to hear			heard			heard
to hold			held			held
to keep		kept			kept
to know		knew			known
to lay			laid			laid
to lead			led			led
to leave		left			left
to lend			lent			lent
to let			let			let
to lie			lay			lain
to lose			lost			lost
to mean		meant			meant
to meet		met			met
to pay			paid			paid
to put			put			put
to  ride			rode			ridden
to ring			rang			rung
to rise			rose			ridden
to run			ran			run
to say			said			said
to see			saw			seen
to sell			sold			sold
to send		sent			sent
to shake		shook			shaken
shoot			shot			shot
to shut			shut			shut
to sing			sang			sung
to sink			sank			sunk
to sit			sat			sat
to sleep		slept			slept
to slide			slid			slid
to speak		spoke			spoken
to spend		spent			spent
to stand		stood			stood
to steal			stole			stolen
to stick			stuck			stuck
to strike		struck			struck
to sweep		swept			swept
to swing		swung			swung
to take			took			taken
to teach		taught			taught
to tear			tore			torn
to tell			told			told
to think		thought		thought
to throw		threw			thrown
to wake		woke			woken
to wear		wore			worn
to weep		wept			wept
to win			won			won
to write		wrote			written		

Exercises on Verbs
Identify the verbs in the following sentences by underlining them.
1.	The stamp appears in the right corner.
2.	Mrs. Wright uses abbreviations in long letters.
3.	He printed the following letters for the signature of his employer, Fred A. Jones.
4.	A good bookkeeper is never neglectful of tools.
5.	The books confused the owner, the accountant, and him.
6.	Ability improves with practice.
7.	Good secretaries produce attractive letters.
8.	A knowledge of the principles and procedures of business is equally important.
9.	They consisted of the declaration of Independence, a treaty with France, a treaty with England, and the Constitution.
10.	He also did the illustrations for other people.
11.	Is general health or muscular strength important to a typist?
12.	They become authors, printers, and bookkeepers.
13.	Personal records are necessary for different purposes.
14.	Many citizens frequently respected a deep and abiding faith in the common man.
15.	The fourth president was small and wrinkled James Madison.

UNIT 5
PARTS OF SPEECH: ADVERB
	
	Adverbs are words which tell you how, when, where and why an action was done. Many adverbs are formed by adding the ending ly. (But not all adverbs end in ly). Now look at this sentence:
	The quick cat killed the mouse quickly.
	Quick is an adjective describing the noun cat.
	Quickly is an adverb describing how the mouse was killed.
If you are not sure whether a word is an adverb, there is a simple test. Look at the sentence and ask yourself: How, when, where or why? An adverb should answer one of those questions. For example:
	He ran quickly. (How did he run? Quickly.)
	He came today. (When did he come? Today.)
	He fell down. (Where did he fall? Down.)
I. Adverbs of Time
	Adverbs of time answer the question when. Now, then, soon, often, and finally are adverbs of time. For example:
	He now reads the Indian story.
	I bought a novel yesterday.
	Finally we received the book and read it often.
II. Adverbs of Place
	Adverbs of place answer the question where. The most common are here and there. Quite often there is used at the beginning of a sentence and is mistakenly identified as the subject. For example:
	They play hockey here.
	There we watched the football game on television.
III. Adverbs of  Manner
	Adverbs of manner are the most common adverbs. They usually are words ending in ly. Lovely, friendly, and lonely are exceptions – they are adjectives. These adverbs answer the question “how”.

Most frequently used adverbs
certainly	indeed		often		soon		very
finally		later		probably	still		what
here		nevertheless	seldom		there		when
however	now		sometimes	too		where

Exercises: Adverbs Identification
Identify the adverbs in the following sentences. Underline the adverbs in the following sentences by underlining them.
1.	The third President of the U. S. often displayed literary skill.
2.	Sometimes watch the pretty pennies and soon the dollars will finally take good care of themselves.
3.	The long, rough road to freedom was traveled slowly and carefully.
4.	He particularly opposed the repressive Alien and Sedition Acts.
5.	Yesterday the clerk dramatized a sales point.
6.	Harry and Dito are probably the winners of the sales contest.
7.	Occasionally they developed other interest
8.	A true friend there in need is a charming lucky friend indeed.
9.	More annoying flies are caught here with sugared honey than with sour vinegar.
10.	You can now lead a big horse to pure water, but you can’t make him slowly drink.   

UNIT 6
PARTS OF SPEECH: PREPOSITION

	A preposition is a word which joins a noun or pronoun to some other word in the sentence and shows the relation between the two words. Every preposition has a noun or pronoun as its object. If a pronoun follows a preposition, it must be in the objective case (me, him, her, us, them). 

Prepositions most frequently used
about		above		across		after		against		among
at		before		behind		below		between	by
down		during		for		from		in		into
of		off		on		over		past		round
since		through	till		to		towards	under
until		up		upon		with		within		without

Prepositions of Time and Place
1.	Prepositions of Time
at			time of day (at 8 a. m.)
			noon, night, midnight
in			parts of the day (in the morning/evening/afternoon)
			month (in July)
			season	(in the fall)
			year (in 1980)
			decade (in the 1980s)
			century (in the nineteenth century)
on			days of the week (on Monday)
			dates (on March 20)
for/since		duration of time (for three days)
			point in time (since March 20)
from…to		beginning time … ending from (from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m.)

2.	Prepositions of Place
at			address (at 200 Main Street)
on			street/road/avenue (on Kings Road)
			floor (on the second floor)
in			building (in the drugstore)
			city (in Los Angeles)
			state (in California)
			country (in Japan)
                               continent (in Africa)
from … to                beginning point … ending point (from Alaska to California)   

Preposition in Common Expressions
at times		by land/sea/air	in common		on fire
at present		by far			in general		on the other hand
at first/last		by chance		in existence		on the whole
at the moment		by accident		in the future/past	on purpose
			by day/night		in theory		on land

	Below is a list of sentences showing you how to use the most common prepositions:
	The President got into his car.
	They ran behind the car shouting.
	He went to the next town by bus.
	He spoke against the new proposal.
	He placed the cup upon the desk.
	He put the paper in the file.
	He drove to work on the motorway.
	He asked for a map of the area.
	The young girl jumped off the bus before it even stopped.
	He was sent to jail for evasion of taxes.
	He went to work by car.
He works like a slave.
His new job was different from anything he had done in the past.

	It is a sign of good English to always use the correct preposition. In fact, there are many words which require a specific preposition. You will learn most of these automatically from your general reading. Your dictionary will also tell you which is the correct preposition to use with any word. Here are a few of the more common ones:
different from		depend on		based on		famous for
surprised at		accustomed to		in general		at present
in addition to		as a result of		afraid of		in general	

Exercises on Prepositions
Complete the sentences with the correct preposition:
1.	Mount St. Helens had last erupted ____________ 1857.
2.	Mount St. Helens explored _____________ about 8 a. m. Sunday.
3.	The eruption was __________ May 18, 1980.
4.	_____________ the summer of 1816 the weather _________ the United States was affected by volcanic activity.
5.	Mount St. Helens is ________ the state of Washington.
6.	The volcano Paricutin ___________ Mexico erupted _________ 1943.
7.	Before the eruption, Mount St. Helens was in one of the most beautiful areas __________ North America.
8.	Most houses  _________ Reykjavik __________ Iceland are heated by natural steam.
9.	Mount St. Helens started to be active _________ March 20 __________ May 18, 1980.
10.	A chain of volcanoes runs ____________ the East Indies __________ the Mediterranean.

UNIT 7
PARTS OF SPEECH: CONJUNCTION

	Conjunctions join words, phrases (groups of words) or clauses (parts of sentences that contain a subject and a verb). Conjunctions are classified as coordinating, subordinating, or correlative. 
I.	Coordinating Conjunction
Coordinating conjunctions connect or join sentence parts that are of equal rank. Clauses of a compound sentence are connected by coordinating conjunctions. The most common coordinating conjunctions are: and, but, or. For example:
Law and order are important to society.
People buy guns for hunting or for target practice.
Most hunters are careful, but some beginners are careless shooters.
II.      Subordinating Conjunctions
	Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to the main clause. The most common subordinating conjunctions are:
after		although		as		as if		while
because	before			for		if		since
so that		than			that		though		till	
unless		until			when		where		wherever	
Below are some examples: